Professional network providing technical information on optoelectronic and photonic materials, devices, and systems, in R&D, design, manufacturing, and applications.
Contents.History The word 'photonics' is derived from the Greek word 'phos' meaning light (which has genitive case 'photos' and in compound words the root 'photo-' is used); it appeared in the late 1960s to describe a research field whose goal was to use light to perform functions that traditionally fell within the typical domain of electronics, such as telecommunications, information processing, etc. Photonics as a field began with the invention of the in 1960.
Other developments followed: the in the 1970s, for transmitting information, and the. These inventions formed the basis for the telecommunications revolution of the late 20th century and provided the infrastructure for the.Though coined earlier, the term photonics came into common use in the 1980s as fiber-optic data transmission was adopted by telecommunications network operators. At that time, the term was used widely at.
Its use was confirmed when the established an archival journal named at the end of the 1980s. During the period leading up to the circa 2001, photonics as a field focused largely on optical telecommunications. However, photonics covers a huge range of science and technology applications, including laser manufacturing, biological and chemical sensing, medical diagnostics and therapy, display technology,. Further growth of photonics is likely if current developments are successful. Relationship to other fields Classical optics Photonics is closely related to. Classical optics long preceded the discovery that light is quantized, when famously explained the in 1905. Optics tools include the refracting, the reflecting, and various optical components and instruments developed throughout the 15th to 19th centuries.
Key tenets of classical optics, such as, developed in the 17th century, and the wave equations, developed in the 19th, do not depend on quantum properties of light.Modern optics Photonics is related to,. However, each area has slightly different connotations by scientific and government communities and in the marketplace. Often connotes fundamental research, whereas photonics is used to connote applied research and development.The term photonics more specifically connotes:. The particle properties of light,. The potential of creating signal processing device technologies using photons,. The practical application of optics, and.
An analogy to.The term connotes devices or circuits that comprise both electrical and optical functions, i.e., a thin-film semiconductor device. The term came into earlier use and specifically encompasses nonlinear electrical-optical interactions applied, e.g., as bulk crystal modulators such as the, but also includes advanced imaging sensors.Emerging fields Photonics also relates to the emerging science of. Other emerging fields include:.
where energy delivered into biological tissues will be absorbed and converted into heat, leading to emission., which involves the study of the interaction between light and mechanical vibrations of mesoscopic or macroscopic objects;., in which devices integrate both photonic and atomic devices for applications such as precision timekeeping, navigation, and metrology;., which differs from photonics in that the fundamental information carrier is a. Polaritons are a mixture of photons and, and operate in the range of frequencies from 300 to approximately 10., which studies the development of photonic circuits that can be reprogrammed to implement different functions in the same fashion as anApplications. A ( Aphrodita aculeata), showing colorful spines, a remarkable example of photonic engineering by a living organismApplications of photonics are ubiquitous. Included are all areas from everyday life to the most advanced science, e.g.
Light detection, (surgery, vision correction, endoscopy, health monitoring), laser material processing, art diagnostics (involving Reflectography, fluorescence, ), and.Just as applications of electronics have expanded dramatically since the first was invented in 1948, the unique applications of photonics continue to emerge. Economically important applications for photonic devices include optical data recording, fiber optic telecommunications, (based on xerography), displays, and optical pumping of high-power lasers.
An integrated photonic circuit waferPhotonic integrated circuits (PICs) are optically active integrated semiconductor photonic devices. The leading commercial application of PICs are optical transceivers for data center optical networks.
PICs were fabricated on III-V semiconductor wafer substrates were the first to achieve commercial success; PICs based on silicon wafer substrates are now also a commercialized technology.Key Applications for Integrated Photonics include —Data Center Interconnects: Data centers continue to grow in scale as companies and institutions store and process more information in the cloud. With the increase in data center compute, the demands on data center networks correspondingly increase. Optical cables can support greater lane bandwidth at longer transmission distances than copper cables.
For short-reach distances and up to 40 Gbps data transmission rates, non-integrated approaches such as can be used for optical transceivers on networks. Beyond this range and bandwidth, photonic integrated circuits are key to enable high-performance, low-cost optical transceivers.Analog RF Signal Applications: Using the GHz precision signal processing of photonic integrated circuits, radiofrequency (RF) signals can be manipulated with high fidelity to add or drop multiple channels of radio, spread across an ultra-broadband frequency range. In addition, photonic integrated circuits can remove background noise from an RF signal with unprecedented precision, which will increase the signal to noise performance and make possible new benchmarks in low power performance. Taken together, this high precision processing enables us to now pack large amounts of information into ultra-long distance radio communications.
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Sensors: Photons can also be used to detect and differentiate the optical properties of materials. They can identify chemical or biochemical gases from air pollution, organic produce, and contaminants in the water. They can also be used to detect abnormalities in the blood, such as low glucose levels, and measure biometrics such as pulse rate.
Photonic integrated circuits are being designed as comprehensive and ubiquitous sensors with glass/silicon, and embedded via high-volume production in various mobile devices. Mobile platform sensors are enabling us to more directly engage with practices that better protect the environment, monitor food supply and keep us healthy.LIDAR and other Phased Array Imaging: Arrays of PICs can take advantage of phase delays in the light reflected from objects with three-dimensional shapes to reconstruct 3D images, and Light Imaging, Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) with laser light can offer a complement to radar by providing precision imaging (with 3D information) at close distances. This new form of is having an immediate application in driverless cars to reduce collisions, and in biomedical imaging.
Phased arrays can also be used for free-space communications and novel display technologies. Current versions of LIDAR predominantly rely on moving parts, making them large, slow, low resolution, costly, and prone to mechanical vibration and premature failure. Integrated photonics can realize LIDAR within a footprint the size of a postage stamp, scan without moving parts, and be produced in high volume at low cost. See also. /optoelectronics.
(on submarines).References.