Worms DefinitionWorms are parasitic, soft-bodied organisms that can infect humans and animals. Parasitic worms fall into several different classes and include flukes, roundworm, and tapeworm. DescriptionWorms are parasites that live within a host organism (human or animal) for the purpose of obtaining food. This relationship causes harm to the host, and, with severe cases of infection, can be fatal. The term worms commonly refers to intestinal worms, although worms can infect other organs and the bloodstream.
There are lots of beautiful sights to discover in Worms: the Romanesque Cathedral, Europe's oldest Jewish cemetery, the synagogue in the old town, the world's. Worms, city, Rhineland-Palatinate Land (state), southwestern Germany. Worms is a port on the left (west) bank of the Rhine River, just northwest of Mannheim. Known originally as Celtic Borbetomagus, by the reign of Julius Caesar it was called Civitas Vangionum, the chief town of the Vangiones.
Intestinal worms are helminths and fall into three classes: cestodes (tapeworms), nematodes (roundworms), and trematodes (flukes). CestodesTapeworms have a ribbon-like body composed of a scolex, which attaches the worm to the intestinal wall, and a long chain of progressively developing proglottids. Proglottids at the tail end of the worm contain eggs. Tapeworms can have 3 –4,000 proglottids and be several meters long.
Tapeworms that infect humans include Taenia saginata, Taenia solium, Hymenolepsis nana, and Diphyllobothrium latum. Tapeworms live in the small intestine and absorb food from the intestinal contents.The complex life cycles of cestodes differ with each genus and involve two or three different hosts. In general, one host (the intermediate host) ingests eggs that develop into a larval stage.
A second host (the definitive host) ingests the larva, which develop into adult worms in the intestine. Humans can become infected with tapeworm by eating raw or inadequately cooked, contaminated fish, pork, or beef. Humans can serve as both intermediate and definitive hosts for certain cestodes. Although humans can experience severe disease when serving as an intermediate host, they may show few signs of disease when harboring adult tapeworms. NematodesIntestinal nematodes, or roundworms, are the most worm-like of all the helminths and resemble the earthworm. Nematodes have a mouth with either three lips or teeth (hookworms), a complete digestive tract, and separate sexes. Nematodes can range from a few millimeters to over one meter long.
Roundworms that can infect humans include Trichuris trichiura (whipworm), Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm), Capillaria philippinensis, Trichostrongylus species, Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm), Necator americanus (hookworm), and Strongyloides stercoralis. Infection occurs following contact (ingestion or skin) with contaminated soil. Pinworms are not uncommon in children and are easily spread to other family members.There are five stages (four larval and one adult) in the life cycle of the roundworm. Each genus has a unique life cycle that can be classified into one of three patterns. A person becomes infected by ingesting eggs or larva or through skin penetration by larva. Once ingested, depending upon the genus, eggs may either develop into adult worms in the intestines, or a larval stage may gain access to the bloodstream, enter the lungs, be swallowed, and then develop into adult worms in the intestines. For certain genera, larva penetrate the skin, arrive at the lungs via the bloodstream, are swallowed, and become mature worms in the intestines.
Eggs are passed out in the stool, or with pinworms, the female lays eggs on the skin surrounding the anal opening. TrematodesTrematodes, or flukes, are flat, leaf-shaped, and range in length from a few millimeters to 75 millimeters. Intestinal flukes are primarily found in the Asian continent. Intestinal flukes that can infect humans are Fasciolopsis buski, Heterophyes heterophyes, Metagonimus yokogawai, Echinostoma species, and Nanophyetus salmincola.The life cycles of all flukes involve freshwater snails as an intermediate host. Flukes are contracted by ingestion of eggs or encysted (encased) larva from contaminated water, raw water plants (water chestnuts, water bamboo shoots, etc.), or raw or inadequately cooked fish or snails. The eggs or larva mature into adult worms in the intestines.
Causes & symptomsInfection by worms is caused by the ingestion of or skin contact with helminth eggs or larva, as described above.Symptoms of helminth infections vary depending upon the genera and number of worms involved. Infection with adult tapeworms often causes no symptoms, however, some patients may experience diarrhea, abdominal pain, anemia, and/or vitamin B 12 deficiency. Roundworm infection often causes no symptoms but some patients may experience abdominal pain, diarrhea, growth retardation, anemia, and bloody, mucusy stools. Pinworms cause irritated, itchy skin surrounding the anal opening. Itching may be more severe at night and interfere with sleep. Mild infection with flukes may cause no symptoms, but heavy infections can cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, and profuse stools containing undigested food.One side effect of worm infestation that is presently being studied for potential applications in treating atopy (a type of inherited allergic response) is the release of certain anti-inflammatory chemicals in the body. These chemicals, called cytokines, may prove to be useful in preventing atopy.
DiagnosisThe patient will be questioned about travel and ingestion of high-risk foods. Worms are diagnosed by microscopic examination of stool samples to identify eggs and adult worms. Three samples may be taken: two from normal bowel movements and one following the use of a laxative. Pinworms are diagnosed using the 'Scotch tape' method in which a piece of tape is applied to the skin surrounding the anal opening.
Pinworm eggs, and occasionally an adult worm, adhere to the tape and are identified by microscopic examination. TreatmentAlthough alternative remedies may help treat worms, the patient should consult a physician to obtain an accurate diagnosis and appropriate antihelmintic medication.Dietary modifications help to rid a person of worm infection. Processed foods and foods that contain sugar, white flour, and milk products should be avoided. The diet should be comprised of 25% fat, 25% protein, and 50% complex carbohydrates. At least two tablespoons of unprocessed sesame, safflower, canola, or flax oil should be taken daily. Citation stylesEncyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA).Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list.Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates.
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Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. WormsWorms are invertebrate (in-VER-te-bret) animals, which means they lack spinal columns (backbones). Worms can cause certain types of parasitic in humans. Occurs when parasites are living on or in the body tissues of a human or other host.KEYWORDSfor searching the and other reference sourcesCestodesInfestationNematodesParasitesTrematodesDiseases and conditions caused by worms are as varied as the types of worms that cause them. Worms that act as come in thousands of different species, including roundworms, tapeworms, flatworms, flukes, and leeches.
The worms may be microscopic, or they may be as long as 9 meters (almost 30 feet). Are creatures that live in and feed on the bodies of other organisms.Some worms cause painful and deforming conditions, while others are barely noticed by the host. Some worm infestations clear up after a short time, while others cause long-term problems that affect many different body organs and may even cause death. Common garden earthworms do not cause human illness.Frequent hand-washing, good hygiene, good sanitary conditions, and clean water can help prevent worm infections.
Prompt diagnosis and treatment by a doctor can help clear up worm infestations.See alsoAscariasisHookwormParasitic DiseasesPinworm (Enterobiasis)SchistosomiasisTapewormToxocariasisTrichinosisThe ’s Division of Control of Tropical Diseases posts many fact sheets about worm infections at its website. National Institute of Allergy and posts a fact sheet about parasitic roundworm diseases at its website. Citation stylesEncyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA).Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style.
Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list.Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites. Modern Language AssociationThe Chicago Manual of StyleAmerican Psychological AssociationNotes:.Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content.
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Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. WormsSee also 430. Helminthology the branch of zoology that studies worms, especially parasitic worms. — helminthologist, n.
— helminthologic, helminthologieal, adj. Helminthophobia an abnormal fear of being infested with worms. Scoleciphobia an abnormal fear of worms. Scolecology a study of worms. Sericulture the breeding and raising of silk worms for the production of silk.
— sericulturist, n. — sericultural, adj.
Taeniacide, teniacide an agent or preparation for killing tapeworms. — taeniacidal, teniacidal, adj. Vermeology Rare. — vermeologist, n.
Vermicide a substance for killing worms, especially intestinal worms, in animals or humans. Vermiculation motion similar to that of a worm. See also 282. Vermifuge a drug for expelling worms from the intestinal tract.
— vermifuge, adj. Vermination the state or process of being infested with worms or vermin. Vermiphobia an abnormal fear of worms. Citation stylesEncyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA).Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style.
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Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites. Modern Language AssociationThe Chicago Manual of StyleAmerican Psychological AssociationNotes:.Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Midas gold plus champions. Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates.In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations.
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MykullT, Bad UI ruins a fun classicI loved the PC game, and this version is fairly true to it except. The UI is fairly terrible. I can’t count how many times I’ve lost a match because a worm decided to jump while I was trying zoom or pan the map. It’s particularly fussy if your worm is near the edge of the map. I’ve also had worms get stuck on graphics a number of times.
It’s a shame, because this used to be such a fun game. Maybe if they allowed you to use a (Bluetooth) keyboard to move, pan, and zoom (as in the pc versions) it would be a better experience.